Fenitrothion (C9H12NO5PS) and butachlor (CI7H26CINO2) are widely used in agricultural fields as pesticides. Liquid liquid extraction (L.L.E) with dichloromethane ,liquid liquid microextraction and Cl8 solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques are used for extractin of liquid samples.The samples are analyzed by GC/MS-EI ,GC/MS-CI and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode for quantization. The limit of detection (LOD) is 10 ng/l with sim mode at m/z 125 fenitrothion and 15 ng/l at m/z 176 butachlor .The relative standard deviation for fenitrothion and butachlor is 3.5 and 8.5 % respectively (n=5).The concentration of fenitrothion and butachlor in September was higher compared to December and April 2001.

Background and Aim: Although orthodontists have long recognized that the extraction (Ext) of premolars often is accompanied by changes in the soft tissue profile, investigations indicate that the soft tissue does not always respond favorably to hard-tissue retraction. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment, with and without premolar Ext, on the lateral facial profiles of borderline patients with particular reference to the curvature of the upper and lower lips.Materials & Methods: Eighty-nine border line patients were included in this study. 41 patients were treated with a non-extraction (Non-Ext) protocol, 16 patients were treated with extractions of 5.5, 18 patients with 4.4 and 14 patients with 4.5. All pre-and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were traced and analysis by one examiner. To quantify the soft tissue effects of growth and treatment, the depths of the upper and lower lip curves were calculated in two ways relative to the PM reference line and anterior soft tissue reference line.Results: The changes in depth of upper and lower lip curves were statistically significant (P<0.001).The Non-Ext group showed an increase in depth of upper and lower lip curves, whereas the Ext group showed a decrease in depth of upper and lower lip curves. No significant differences were found between the various extraction sequences (5.5, 4.4, 4.5) for depth of the upper and lower lip curves changes.Conclusions: l) The upper and lower lip changes were significant; more retrusive in the Ext group and more protrusive in the Non-Ext group. 2) There were no significant post treatment differences in the depths of upper and lower lip curves between premolar extraction sequences.

Improper use and useless consumption of various pesticides will cause serious damage to our environment and all the ecosystems living things. Making use of Butachlor herbicide in rice farms located in northern parts of our country will cause the remains of poisons remained in environment have their routs into Caspian sea shores via agriculture waters Gammarus is from Pontogammarus maeoticus species and belongs to Amphipodas family living in southern shores of Caspian sea .They are living in sea shore regions. Gammarus which is the main article of food for many fishes living in Caspian Sea. In fact Gammarus exposed to danger by means of improper use of Butachlor herbicide. Butachlor is belong to chloroacetanilide herbicides and is used for a quick control in rice and barley farms whenever an unexpected growth of one year grasses or broad leaf grasses have appeared. For studying Butachlors effect on Gammarus , at first step we ought to sample Gammarus got from Darya-kenar region about 5km distance from Babolsar and then make a stockpile solution through Butachlorine technical material with pure degree 89.7% testing the amplitude or range will be done during the 96 hour time intervals. After performing nine test, determining Butachlorine Toxicity, viscosity amplitude between 0.5 ppm to 2.5 ppm could be measured. Original tests which have been resulted during 9 day intervals at four tests time repeats. We shall analyze those statistics regarding the casualties caused by Gammarus death as a result of poisoning Butachloring with probit analaysis program computer we shall be able to have important results such as viscosity s logarithm, regression linear model value of LC50. By making use of aforesaid factors, various graphs such as toxicity line, toxicity curve, sharpness and multiple x-y plot could be drowned as well as LC50 mean table can be drowned too. With increasing toxicity viscosity in environment, the death rate will increase too and as passing time the value of LC50 decreased as a result the most lost values of LC50 will be in the test s first 24 hours. Its absorption by organism body will increase, as a result a little value of toxicity viscosity is sufficient for killing the organism.

Background & Aim: Extraction of first premolars and their influence on the third molars' eruption and impaction has been of concern to dental profession. The aim of this study, was to determine the relation between the changes of third molar angulation and the first premolar extraction in orthodontic treatment.Materials and Methods: This analytical study was carried out on total 90 subjects selected from two orthodontic clinics. Forty five subjects (14 males and 31 females) 14.46±1.64 years old treated with extraction of four first premolars (extraction group) and the other 45 subjects (13 males, 32 females) 13.9±1.99 years old treated by nonextraction were studied. Lateral cephalometric and panoramic films were studied before and after treatment. Eight angles in panoramic, four angles and 4 linear variables on the lateral cephalometric films were measured. Age, gender, amount of crowding in both dental arches and treatment duration were matched in the two groups. Student t and chi square tests were used to analyze the data.Results: The upper eruption space and the lower eruption spaces were more in extraction group and the difference was significant (P=0.02, P=0.004, P<0.001). The changes of third molar angulation were not significant between the two groups. Eruption rate of the third molars in both arches were more in extraction group and the difference was significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: Extraction of the first premolars did not influence the changes in the third molar angulation, while it affected the third molar eruption by space creation. It seems that extraction of the first premolars is not a way for secure eruption of the third molar.

Introduction: Chemical wastes, particularly the wastes obtained from pesticides production, are very dangerous.Therefore, control and recovery of them have attracted attention of many researchers and environmental organizations in recent years. Wastes in butachlor industries are formed under undesirable conditions during the process and also during the filtration step, and thay can cause serious problems. In this study, recovery of butachlor from waste and its effects on rice plant were investigated.Material and Methods: Waste and off-spec samples containing 55.8% and 63.3% butachlor, respectively, were subjected to solvent extraction. GC/MS and FT-IR were used to identify components of the extracts.Determination of the butachlor recovered from waste and off-spec samples was carried out by HPLC and their amounts were found to be 88.4% and 89.7%, respectively. Field tests were done on the rice plants to investigate application of the recovered samples in rice fields. The treatments were exposed to 1.5 Kg active ingredient / hectare of recovered butachlor, waste, off-spec and commercial samples.Results and Discussion: The phytotoxicity degrees of both waste and off-spec samples were 100% and the plants died after 28 days. The phytotoxicity degrees of commercial and recovered butachlor from waste and offspec samples were 6.5, 8.5 and 8% under the same conditions, respectively, which indicated that the recovered butachlor could be used as effectively as the commercial sample in rice fields.

The herbicides used in agriculture threaten aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity on a global scale. There are several reports on the residues of currently used herbicides in the tissues of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to determine the effect of concentration on the accumulation of Butachlor in liver tissue in zebrafish fish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the toxin. In this study, we investigated the losses and residual toxins in the water and the liver of the zebrafish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Butachlor herbicide. This study was performed on 680 zebrafish. Initially, to determine the LC50-96 h value, a preliminary pilot study was performed, according to which, the main experiment was then conducted considering four treatments each with three replicates for 30 days. The experimental groups included T1 (exposure to 40% of the LC50-96 h concentration of Butachlor), T2 (exposure to 60% of LC50-96 h), T3 (exposure to 80% of LC50-96 h), and control (C). Mortality was recorded daily. Sampling was conducted from water and liver tissues on the first day and the days 15 and 30 to determine Butachlor residues using gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that Butachlor residue in water was associated with the concentration of the toxin and the exposure time, (T3>T2>T1 groups,p <0. 05). According to the results, the highest mortality and residual Butachlor in the liver tissue were related to the T2>T3>T1> C groups, respectively, on days 15 and 30 after exposure (p <0. 05). According to the results of this study, Butachlor herbicide can accumulate in liver tissues of zebrafish even when it is used in low concentrations. Also the behavioral and clinical features following Butachlor use included restlessness, rapid respiration, air swallowing at the surface of the water, loss of balance, and disoriented swimming was observed. Regarding the importance of fish as the protein source in humans’,food, this phenomenon can be a potential threat to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the application of this toxin and replace it with alternative compounds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of Butachlor on some antioxidant responses and stress genes expression and some biochemical indices of zebra fish. After determination of LC50, for 96 hours, zebra fish (0/3±0/01 g) in four experimental groups including (T1: 10%, T2: 25%, T3: 50% of LC50 and control) were exposed to different levels of the herbicide Bbutachlor for 14 days. At the end of the exposure to Butachlor, samples of whole body were collected to measured SOD, CAT and HSP70 genes expression and some biochemical indices including: ALP, ALT and AST. At the end of experimental period, results revealed that SOD, CAT and HSP70 genes expression were up-regulated at 25 and 50% treatments that had significant differences with 10% and control (P<0/05). ALP, ALT and AST activities in fish treated with 25% Butachlor had remarkable differences with others groups (P<0/05). Therefore, it can be concluded theat, Butachlor had destructive effects on zebra fish.

Introduction: Use of an adhesive with a suitable composite resin is an important factor in tooth-colored restorations and increasing marginal sealing ability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of various adhesives with composite resins using fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques and assessment of the correlation between these two techniques.Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, class II cavities were prepared on the proximal surfaces of 48 extracted sound human premolar teeth, measuring 1.5±0.5 mm in gingival width, 4 mm in occluso-gingival height and 1.3 of the inter-cuspal distance in width. The samples were divided into four groups (n=12). Group 1; OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 2: OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Master Dent composite resin; Group 3: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 4: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Master Dent composite resin. Microleakage was assessed primarily by fluid filtration and then by dye extraction techniques. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, with Bonferroni correction and Spearman's rho correlation test at 95% confidence interval.Results: The minimum and maximum mean microleakage values were recorded in fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques groups 1 and 4, respectively. There were significant differences between the experimental groups in microleakage with the two methods of leakage assessment (p value=0.001). Spearman's rho revealed a strongly direct correlation between the two methods (r=0.797, p value=0.000).Conclusion: In both methods of microleakage assessment, use of ethanol-based in comparison to acetone-based adhesive resulted in microleakage reduction. Application of light-cured composite resin contrary to self-cured composite resin with both types of adhesives increased marginal sealing ability.

Background: Cirrhinus mrigala, one of the important fish widely consumed in India, was used for karyological observations and to evaluate the toxic effect of butachlor, an extensively used herbicide in rice fields in terms of chromosomal aberration test.Methods: Fishes were collected from “National Fish Seed Farm” Jyotisar with mean body weight of 20-50g. The experimental fishes were kept in two treatments each with replicate of two. There were 15 fish each in the control group (T1) without exposure to butachlor and in T2 where fishes were exposed to butachlor.Results: Karyotype revealed the 2n=50 chromosome from the somatic cell. Chromosomal aberrations were reported after 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs, and 96 hrs from kidney cell preparation in fishes exposed to 1.0 ppm, sublethal concentration of butachlor. Frequencies of chromosomal aberration revealed a significant (P<0.05) timedependent response. Stickiness and clumping appeared at 24 and 48 hrs of exposure, end to end joining appeared after 72 hrs and chromosomal fragmentations were observed after exposure for 96 hrs.Conclusion: These studies clearly revealed the genotoxic potential of butachlor even at low dose level (1.0 ppm) and suggest that butachlor interferes with cellular activities in fishes at genetic level, inducing chromosomal aberrations. Therefore, the results of these investigations suggest a serious concern towards the potential danger of butachlor for aquatic organisms and the environment suggesting judicious and careful use of this pesticide in agricultural area. These aberrations in chromosome from kidney cell preparation illustrate the risk that butachlor possesses.